Every file system being exported to remote users via NFS, as well as the access level for those file systems, are listed in the /etc/exports file. When the nfs service starts, the /usr/sbin/exportfs command launches and reads this file, passes control to rpc.mountd (if NFSv2 or NFSv3) for the actual mounting process, then to rpc.nfsd where the file systems are then available to remote users.
This section needs expansion. You can help. ( December 2009) Version 2 of the protocol (defined in, March 1989) originally operated only over (UDP). Its designers meant to keep the server side, with (for example) implemented outside of the core protocol. People involved in the creation of NFS version 2 include, and others. The interface allows a modular implementation, reflected in a simple protocol. By February 1986, implementations were demonstrated for operating systems such as release 2, and using.
NFSv2 only allows the first 2 GB of a file to be read due to limitations. NFSv3 Version 3 (, June 1995) added:.
support for 64-bit file sizes and offsets, to handle files larger than 2 gigabytes (GB);. support for asynchronous writes on the server, to improve write performance;. additional file attributes in many replies, to avoid the need to re-fetch them;.
a READDIRPLUS operation, to get file handles and attributes along with file names when scanning a directory;. assorted other improvements. The first NFS Version 3 proposal within Sun Microsystems was created not long after the release of NFS Version 2. The principal motivation was an attempt to mitigate the performance issue of the synchronous write operation in NFS Version 2. By July 1992, implementation practice had solved many shortcomings of NFS Version 2, leaving only lack of large file support (64-bit file sizes and offsets) a pressing issue. This became an acute pain point for with the introduction of a 64-bit version of to support their newly released 64-bit processor, the. At the time of introduction of Version 3, vendor support for as a protocol began increasing.
While several vendors had already added support for NFS Version 2 with TCP as a transport, Sun Microsystems added support for TCP as a transport for NFS at the same time it added support for Version 3. Using TCP as a transport made using NFS over a more feasible, and allowed the use of larger read and write transfer sizes beyond the 8 KB limit imposed. NFSv4 Version 4 (, December 2000; revised in, April 2003 and again in, March 2015), influenced by (AFS) and (SMB, also termed CIFS), includes performance improvements, mandates strong security, and introduces a protocol.
Version 4 became the first version developed with the (IETF) after handed over the development of the NFS protocols. NFS version 4.1 (, January 2010) aims to provide protocol support to take advantage of clustered server deployments including the ability to provide scalable parallel access to files distributed among multiple servers (pNFS extension). NFS version 4.2 was published in November 2016 with new features including: server-side clone and copy, application I/O advise, sparse files, space reservation, application data block (ADB), labeled NFS with seclabel that accommodates any MAC security system, and two new operations for pNFS (LAYOUTERROR and LAYOUTSTATS). Other extensions , an extension to Version 2 and Version 3, allows NFS to integrate more easily into Web-browsers and to enable operation through firewalls. In 2007 Sun Microsystems open-sourced their client-side WebNFS implementation. Various side-band protocols have become associated with NFS.
Note:. the byte-range advisory (NLM) protocol (added to support APIs). the remote quota-reporting (RQUOTAD) protocol, which allows NFS users to view their data-storage quotas on NFS servers., an adaptation of NFS that uses (RDMA) as a transport. NFS-Ganesha, an NFS server, running in user-space and supporting the FSAL (File System Abstraction Layer) using libcephfs Trusted NFS (TNFS) Platforms. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged. ( December 2011) NFS is often used with operating systems (such as, ), Apple's, and operating systems (such as and ).
It is also available to operating systems such as Acorn, the, and IBM. Alternative remote file access protocols include the (SMB, also termed CIFS), (AFP), (NCP), and OS/400 File Server file system (QFileSvr.400).
SMB and (NCP) occur more often than NFS on systems running Microsoft Windows; AFP occurs more often than NFS in Apple systems; and QFileSvr.400 occurs more often in systems. Recently added NFSv4 support as part of a Google Summer of Code project. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged.
( February 2010) Assuming a Unix-style scenario in which one machine (the ) needs access to data stored on another machine (the NFS ):. The server implements NFS processes, running by default as nfsd, to make its data generically available to clients.
The server administrator determines what to make available, exporting the names and parameters of, typically using the /etc/exports configuration file and the exportfs command. The server -administration ensures that it can recognize and approve validated clients. The server network configuration ensures that appropriate clients can negotiate with it through any system. The client machine requests access to exported data, typically by issuing a mount command. (The client asks the server (rpcbind) which port the NFS server is using, the client connects to the NFS server (nfsd), nfsd passes the request to mountd).
If all goes well, users on the client machine can then view and interact with mounted on the server within the parameters permitted. Note that automation of the NFS mounting process may take place — perhaps using /etc/fstab and/or facilities. Protocol development During the development of the ONC protocol (called at the time), only Apollo's (NCS) offered comparable functionality. Two competing groups developed over fundamental differences in the two remote procedure call systems. Arguments focused on the method for data-encoding — ONC's (XDR) always rendered integers in order, even if both peers of the connection had machine-architectures, whereas NCS's method attempted to avoid byte-swap whenever two peers shared a common in their machine-architectures.
An industry-group called the formed (March 1987) in an (ultimately unsuccessful) attempt to reconcile the two network-computing environments. LaterSun and AT&T announced they would jointly develop AT&T's UNIX System V Release 4. This caused many of AT&T's other licensees of UNIX System to become concerned that this would put Sun in an advantaged position, and ultimately led to Digital Equipment, HP, IBM, and others forming the (OSF) in 1988. Ironically, Sun and AT&T had formerly competed over Sun's NFS versus AT&T's (RFS), and the quick adoption of NFS over RFS by Digital Equipment, HP, IBM, and many other computer vendors tipped the majority of users in favor of NFS. NFS was aided by events called 'Connectathons' starting in 1986 that allowed vendor-neutral testing of implementations with each other. OSF adopted the (DCE) and the (DFS) over Sun/ONC RPC and NFS. DFS used DCE as the RPC, and DFS derived from the (AFS); DCE itself derived from a suite of technologies, including Apollo's NCS.
1990s Sun Microsystems and the (ISOC) reached an agreement to cede 'change control' of ONC RPC so that the ISOC's engineering-standards body, the (IETF), could publish standards documents (RFCs) related to ONC RPC protocols and could extend ONC RPC. OSF attempted to make DCE RPC an IETF standard, but ultimately proved unwilling to give up change control. Later, the IETF chose to extend ONC RPC by adding a new authentication flavor based on (GSSAPI), to meet IETF requirements that protocol standards have adequate security. Later, Sun and ISOC reached a similar agreement to give ISOC change control over NFS, although writing the contract carefully to exclude NFS version 2 and version 3. Instead, ISOC gained the right to add new versions to the NFS protocol, which resulted in IETF specifying NFS version 4 in 2003. 2000s By the 21st century, neither DFS nor AFS had achieved any major commercial success as compared to SMB-CIFS or NFS.
IBM, which had formerly acquired the primary commercial vendor of DFS and AFS, donated most of the AFS source code to the in 2000. The project lives on.
![Linux nfs client Linux nfs client](/uploads/1/2/5/6/125658763/877666268.png)
In early 2005, IBM announced end of sales for AFS and DFS. In January, 2010, proposed an NFSv4.1 based on their Parallel NFS (pNFS) technology claiming to improve data-access parallelism capability. The NFSv4.1 protocol defines a method of separating the from file data location; it goes beyond the simple name/data separation by striping the data amongst a set of data servers. This differs from the traditional NFS server which holds the names of files and their data under the single umbrella of the server. Some products are multi-node NFS servers, but the participation of the client in separation of meta-data and data is limited. The NFSv4.1 pNFS server is a set of server resources or components; these are assumed to be controlled by the meta-data server.
The pNFS client still accesses one meta-data server for traversal or interaction with the namespace; when the client moves data to and from the server it may directly interact with the set of data servers belonging to the pNFS server collection. The NFSv4.1 client can be enabled to be a direct participant in the exact location of file data and to avoid solitary interaction with one NFS server when moving data. In addition to pNFS, NFSv4.1 provides:. Sessions. Directory Delegation and Notifications.
Multi-server Namespace. and. Retention Attributions. SECINFONONAME See also. ^ Russel Sandberg; David Goldberg; Steve Kleiman; Dan Walsh; Bob Lyon (1985). NFS Illustrated (2000) by Brent Callaghan -.
^. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Russel Sandberg. Technical Report.
Sun Microsystems. Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi; Arpaci-Dusseau, Andrea (March 2015). (PDF) (.9 ed.). Arpaci-Dusseau Books. Retrieved 8 November 2017. Brian Pawlowski; Chet Juszczak; Peter Staubach; Carl Smith; Diane Lebel; David Hitz (1994). Haynes, Thomas (2016-11-01).
Tom Talpey (February 28, 2006). Network Appliance, Inc. Archived from (PDF) on May 12, 2011. Brent Callaghan (January 28, 2002).
Sun Microsystems. Singh, Karan (2016).
'4: Working with the Ceph Filesystem'. Birmingham: Packt Publishing Ltd.
Retrieved 2017-03-21. NFS-Ganesha is an NFS server that runs in user space and supports the CephFS FSAL (File System Abstraction Layer) using libcephfs. Glover, Fred.
The Centre for Computing History. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
Retrieved 24 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Original Connectathon.Org web site.
Archived from on January 28, 1999. Retrieved August 4, 2013. External links.
What is NFS Server? In this artical we are going to learn how to configure NFS Server (Network File System) as well as on Client in Linux. NFS Stands for ( Network File System ) also known as Linux File Server is a Network service in Linux used to share the File System/Directory of the Server to Users/clients on the network like Map Drive in Windows Systems and user can access and store data on Central Location but This can be Possible only between Linux to Linux Systems or between Linux to Unix (Such as Vmware, Solaris Operating Systems) Systems. We also can access the share drive in Windows System but through Samba.
The Port Number of NFS is 2049. Download Free Linux eBook HERE! This NFS Protocol was first introduced by Sun Microsystem in 1984. The versions of NFS has been released over the time i.e. NFS, NFSv2, NFSv3, NFSv4. Let’s take a Scenario like In a Organisation we have some data which suppose to be access by all users, in that case instead of go and copy the data in all users system manually, we can setup NFS Server and put the data on the exported Directory then Share the Directory to all users to access the data Centrally.
Thin Client users also can use NFS to store their data centrally and their login Profiles can be stored in NFS shared drive as thin client doesn’t have Hardisk. NFS DAEMONS NFS Server uses several daemons to make available the exported directory from server to client computers over TCP/IP network and performs so many other tasks such as mount and unmount exported file system, disk quota management, map client requests to NFS daemons and So on.
The daemons are listed below. Replace the with the IP Address of the Server. Replace the with the directory path exported by NFS Server. Replace with the local directory where the remote file system is to be mounted. Now for just create a File or Directory on exported directory from Server end and go and check from client side you will find the File/Directory. If you found this Article useful then Like it, Share it, Subscribe our Site for more Linux Tutorials OR If you have any thing to say then feel free to Comment on Comment Box below.